Mammogram FAQs

A mammogram is an X-ray imaging technique specifically designed to examine breast tissue. By capturing detailed images, a mammogram can detect early signs of breast cancer, often before any symptoms appear. These early signs include lumps or calcifications that are too small to feel during a physical exam. Mammograms are an essential tool in breast cancer screening, enabling early detection that can significantly improve treatment outcomes and survival rates.

Most health organizations recommend that women begin mammograms around age 40 or 50, depending on individual risk factors. For women at average risk, an annual or biennial mammogram is generally advised starting at age 50. However, women with a family history of breast cancer or other risk factors may be encouraged to start earlier. It’s best to discuss your personal risk with a healthcare provider, who can recommend the appropriate schedule for you.

Some women experience discomfort or pain during a mammogram, mainly due to the pressure applied to the breast tissue. This pressure is necessary to get clear images but can be uncomfortable. To reduce discomfort, try scheduling your mammogram about a week after your period, when your breasts are likely to be less sensitive. Communicate any concerns with the technician—they can often adjust positioning to make the experience as comfortable as possible.

During a mammogram, you’ll stand in front of an X-ray machine, and each breast will be placed on a flat plate. Another plate then compresses the breast to spread the tissue and get a clear image. The technician will take two images of each breast, one from the top and one from the side. The entire process usually takes about 20 minutes, with the actual compression lasting only a few seconds per image.

Preparing for a mammogram is simple. On the day of your appointment, avoid using deodorants, lotions, or powders on your chest and underarms, as these can create shadows on the X-ray. Wear a two-piece outfit so you can easily remove your top, and consider bringing a list of any recent breast symptoms or family history to discuss with the technician.

Mammogram results are typically categorized using a system called BI-RADS, which helps clarify the findings. Results may range from “normal” or “benign” to “suspicious” or “highly suggestive of malignancy.” An abnormal result doesn’t necessarily mean cancer; it just means that additional testing may be needed. Your doctor will go over the results with you, explaining any findings and recommending next steps if necessary.

A screening mammogram is routine and designed for women who show no symptoms. A diagnostic mammogram, on the other hand, is used when there are symptoms, such as a lump, or if a screening mammogram shows an abnormality. Diagnostic mammograms capture more images from different angles to provide a more thorough view of any areas of concern.

Dense breast tissue can make it harder to detect cancer on a mammogram, as both dense tissue and tumors appear white on the image. If you have dense breasts, your doctor may recommend additional imaging, such as ultrasound or MRI, to supplement the mammogram and improve detection accuracy.

Mammograms use a very low dose of radiation, and studies have shown that the benefits of early detection far outweigh the risks. The radiation exposure from a mammogram is about the same as the natural exposure one might experience over several months.

The cost of a mammogram varies depending on the location and type of facility, typically ranging from $100 to $250. Fortunately, most health insurance plans cover the full cost of screening mammograms, especially for women over 40. For those without insurance, there are often low-cost or free mammogram options available through organizations like MammogramMe or local health departments, ensuring that cost doesn’t prevent women from getting screened.