Exploring Photodynamic Therapy in Breast Cancer

PDT involves two main steps: administering a photosensitizer drug, which selectively accumulates in cancer cells, and then activating the drug with laser or light energy directed at the tumor. This activated drug generates reactive oxygen species that damage cellular components, leading to cell death. Additionally, PDT may boost the immune system's response against cancer cells and block blood vessels supplying the tumor, restricting its nutrient supply and growth.

Although PDT is more established in treating skin and esophageal cancers, research is expanding its application in breast cancer, especially for localized tumors or small recurrences. PDT offers specific advantages in cases where traditional treatments may pose higher risks or side effects, such as in elderly patients or those with compromised health. PDT’s targeted nature minimizes damage to surrounding tissue, which is beneficial in preserving breast aesthetics and function and reduces the recovery period, offering patients a faster return to daily life.

Despite its promise, PDT faces limitations. Light penetration depth is limited, making PDT less effective for larger tumors or those deep within breast tissue. Additionally, photosensitizers can make the skin sensitive to light for a period post-treatment, requiring patients to avoid bright sunlight. Currently, PDT is most effective as part of a combined treatment plan, complementing surgical, radiological, or chemotherapeutic approaches to improve outcomes.

Advancements in photosensitizer drugs and light delivery methods hold the potential to expand PDT’s applications in breast cancer. New developments aim to enhance light penetration, allow treatment of deeper tumors, and to improve photosensitizers that target cancer cells more selectively, reducing side effects. With ongoing clinical trials and technological improvements, PDT may soon become a viable treatment option for a wider range of breast cancer cases.